CWEC/CFEC is starting a new initiative to share work by Canadian Women Economists and/or on gender-related topics in Economics. Please fill in this form: to get your work listed on our website - we update submissions at the end of the month starting January 31 2025. 

By Canadian Woman economist we mean the following. The word ‘woman’ is interpreted quite broadly to include those who identify as a woman and those whose gender expression may be perceived by society as being associated with being a woman or female. "Canadian" means that you are either a Canadian working abroad or a person working in Canada. Canadian citizenship is not required if you work in Canada.

Work listed in alphabetical order of first author; any new additions in a given month are marked as NEW

Serena Canaan, Simon Fraser University, "Parental Leave, Household Specialization and Children’s Well-Being"

Many countries offer new parents long periods of paid leave. Proponents argue that parental leave programs can reduce gender gaps in the labor market and promote children’s well-being. In this paper, I show that lengthy leaves can instead work against these intended goals. Using a regression discontinuity design, I find that a 3-year expansion of paid leave in France increases household specialization by inducing mothers to exit the labor force and fathers to raise their work hours. The leave further harms children’s verbal development. 

NEW Mahdiyeh Entezarkheir (Huron at Western University) and Saeed Moshiri (University of Saskatchewan) "Innovation Effects of Information and Communication Technologies: Evidence from Canadian Firms"

The productivity effects of information and communication technology (ICT) as a general-purpose technology, have been extensively researched, but evidence on the impact of ICT on innovation in the economy is limited. ICT can drive innovation through direct and indirect channels. Directly, ICT can deepen capital investment in the knowledge-creation process by lowering its relative prices, leading to complementary investments in innovation. Indirectly, ICT can create spillover effects due to its network characteristics and interactions with other factors that influence innovation, such as human capital and organizational structure. In this study, we investigate the direct and indirect impacts of ICT on product and process innovations using a panel of Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey (WES) data from 1999 to 2005, a period during which ICT was booming. We also examine the impacts of various characteristics of employers and employees, such as training, size, market, gender, education, and experience, on innovation. Our mixed logit model estimation results support the positive effects of ICT on four types of product and process innovations in different industries. Furthermore, the results suggest that ICT has an indirect impact on innovation through its interactions with organizational changes. To address potential endogeneity issue, we also estimate the average treatment effect on treated using the propensity score-matching method.

Ana Ferrer and Allison Mascella, University of Waterloo, "Immigrant Gaps in Parental Time Investments into Children’s Human Capital Activities"

Current and future well-being and economic prosperity of children depend in large part on the nuances of decisions made by parents with respect to familial resources, an important part of which regard the time spent in the company of children. We estimate differences in the time that immigrant and Canadian-born parents allocate to child-care activities relative to other activities using the time diaries from the General Social Survey. We find that mothers born abroad spend more time at work and less time in leisure but there is no significant difference in time devoted to household production or child service between them and Canadian-born mothers. Despite not finding differences by immigration status in the total care-time parents provide for their children, we do find significant differences - by immigrant status - in time specifically devoted to human capital investment activities with children: African, Asian, European and South-Central American mothers spend up to 30 more minutes daily in these activities than the Canadian born. We further assess the patterns of time use of second-generation young adults and find that they spend more time on education and homework compared to third generation or higher young adults. This supports a plausible effect of the time invested in children’s human capital generating activities by immigrant parents on their Canadian-born children.

NEW Bhargav Gopal, Queen's University, "How Do Firms Respond to Gender Quotas? Evidence from California's Senate Bill 826"

This study examines the impact of California’s SB826, enacted in 2018 and requiring at least one female director on corporate boards by 2019, on financial performance and corporate governance. The quota reduced the share of all-male boards by 24 percentage points without harming financial performance from 2018 to 2021. Governance measures remained stable. Firms responded with both tokenism and meaningful integration, with tokenism more common in larger boards and those in male-dominated industries. I find that SB826 reduced firms’ reliance on existing networks, suggesting that network barriers may have previously prevented some qualified women from joining boards.

Doriane Intungane, McEwan University, "Macroprudential Policies and Global Banking"

This paper examines the ability of macroprudential policies to dampen the procyclicality of credit market cycles and to enhance the macroeconomic stability in countries open to cross-border banking activities. For the analysis, we develop a two country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with collateral constrained investors and global banks. The existence of cross-border lending activities is the source of the transmission of shocks across countries. The macroprudential policies analyzed are loan-to-value ratios and capital requirements, also known as the capital adequacy ratio, which are formulated as Taylor-type rules. Our results show that the effectiveness of capital requirement financial regulations is undermined if borrowers can increase credit from foreign banks originating from a country with more relaxed financial restrictions. When cross-border lending is permitted, national financial regulators can improve the financial stability of credit growth and management of credit by complementing the capital adequacy ratios with loan-to-value ratios.

Laura Lasio, McGill University, "Collusion in the US Generic Drug Industry" (with Robert Clark and Christopher Fabiilli)

We study cartels that operated in the US generic drug industry, leveraging quarterly Medicaid data for the period 2011-2018 and a difference-in-differences approach comparing the evolution of prices of allegedly collusive drugs with a group of competitive control drugs. Our analysis highlights (i) the difficulty of establishing a suitable control group when collusion is pervasive,(ii) the importance of accounting for market structure changes when defining the control period,and (iii) the existence of across- and within-drug heterogeneity. We focus on six drug markets that were part of the expanded initial complaint and where there was no entry in the same class during the collusive period, permitting a clean measure of the causal impact of collusion on prices. Our most conservative estimates suggest that collusion led to price increases of be-tween 0% and 166% for each of the six drugs, and damages of between $0 and $3 million for the Medicaid market. 

Jamie McCasland, University of British Columbia, "Are Small Firms Labor Constrained? Experimental Evidence from Ghana" (with Morgan Hardy)

We report the results of a field experiment that randomly placed unemployed young people as apprentices with small firms in Ghana, and included no cash subsidy to firms (or workers) beyond in-kind recruitment services. Treated firms experienced increases in firm size of approximately half a worker and firm profits of approximately 10% for each apprentice placement offered, documenting frictions to novice hiring. We interpret the program as providing a novel worker screening technology to firms, as (voluntary) worker participation included non-monetary application costs, echoing the widespread use of an entrance fee mechanism for hiring apprentices in the existing labor market. 

Jingjing Xu, Western University, "The Welfare Effects of Social Insurance Reform in the Presence of Intergenerational Transfers"

Family support in the form of intergenerational transfers could serve as a substitute for the public transfer system, especially when the public safety net is weak. These intergenerational transfers could be impacted by changes in public insurance. Conversely, induced changes in family transfers could also impact the effectiveness of a public insurance program. What is the impact of social insurance reform on household welfare in the context of intergenerational transfers? This paper investigates this question by using an overlapping generations general equilibrium model where parents and their children are linked by intergenerational transfers. In the model, individuals differ in earnings ability and face idiosyncratic uninsurable income risk, health risk, and mortality risk. This paper calibrates the model to key features in the urban Chinese economy. Using this calibrated model, this paper finds that households on average experience a welfare gain from an increase in the social insurance benefits but that this effect differs across households conditional on their economic status. This paper then provides a decomposition of these welfare changes into three channels: a direct policy channel, an intergenerational-transfers channel, and a general equilibrium channel. 

Jiangnan Zeng (University of Guelph), Claire Duquennois (University of Pittsburgh), "Casting roles, casting votes: Lessons from Sesame Street on media representation, racial biases, and voting"

Evidence on the media’s potential to reduce prejudice is limited. Sesame Street’s positive representation of minority characters and working women was distinctive in the media landscape of 1969. Using age and technological variation in broadcast reception, we show that Sesame Street reduced prejudice decades later and impacted voting, a consequential outcome. Exposed cohorts in high coverage counties are 4.2 ppts more likely to vote, have lower measures of racial biases, and report more votes for minority and women candidates to the U.S. House by 8.1 and 5.8 ppts respectively. On ballots featuring white men, turnout gains are split between parties.

Yishu Zeng, York University, "Derandomization of Persuasion Mechanisms"

We consider a setting where one sender can communicate with several privately informed receivers through a persuasion mechanism before the receivers play a game. We show that for any potentially randomized persuasion mechanism, under certain conditions, there is an effectively equivalent deterministic persuasion mechanism, and these two mechanisms have the same set of equilibria. We exhibit the usefulness of our result in two applications, where we apply our techniques to derandomize the mechanisms involved. Overall, this paper provides a rationale for the fact that persuasion mechanisms are often deterministic in practice.